Slavery As A Burden Of The United States Essay - 2416 Words

To this day, African American history has drastically shaped the world and more specifically, the United States. The topic of slavery has been the most discussed throughout history because of the arising issues it has caused between people in many places. Today, most people reject the ideology of pro-slavery and consider slavery as a burden of the United States. However, in the past, rationalizations and justifications of slavery encouraged slave trades, assisted in slavery expansion and legalization in the United States. Slavery became increasingly hostile to those who were involved during the journey from Africa to the arrival and settlement in the United States. To illustrate the experiences of slavery from a slave’s perspective, narratives written by fugitive slaves such as Harriett Tubman and Frederick Douglass are essential when trying to understand chattel slavery in America. When slavery came to an end, African Americans were still faced with challenges and discriminat ion in society. In his book, W.E.B. DuBois observed the root problems and proposed solutions to these problems. This example is beneficial when trying to understand problems and issues that African Americans from the beginning of the Reconstruction period well into the 20th century. Almost everyone around the world agrees that all forms of slavery are inhumane and degrading. However, it’s important to know why and demonstrate how it is wrong since there are so many arguments trying to rationalize andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Slavery During, In, and After the Civil War979 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery During, In, and After the Civil War The Civil War was doubly tragic because it was completely unnecessary. Slavery had been ended in other nations with the stroke of a pen, and yet in the mighty United States the country was willing to go to war over the issue of whether slavery should remain. The southerners felt that it was their constitutional right to own slaves and did not see a time when they should be required to give up that right. However, upon the election of LincolnRead MoreSlavery And The American Revolution1132 Words   |  5 PagesSlavery, was an institution strongly integrated into American society. This economic system was primarily used in the Southern states of the United State on the plantation areas where tobacco, rice, corn, and eventually cotton were grown. Inspirations of freedom and liberty spread throughout the United States prior to the American Revolution. Along with thoughts of liberty came thoughts of emancipation of this system. â€Å"Even after the prolonged battle for independence, when cries for liberty rangRead MoreThe President Of The Confederacy And The United States Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Confederacy and the United States; focusing greatly on the disagreement over the enslavement of African Americans. Stephens speech gives great insight into the inner thoughts and beliefs of the Confederacy. The title, â€Å"Cornerstone Speech†, comes from the memorable line: â€Å"Our ne w government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superiorRead MoreThe Fruits Of Her Labor1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fruits of Her Labor: Female African Slavery From the signing of the Declaration of Independence to the Civil War and the addition of the Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865), there existed a legal or economic system under which people were treated as property in the United States. This system is universally known as slavery and it victims, Western African and their decedents. From July 1776 to December 1865, it was legal and morally accepted by some to own another human being. This system becomeRead MoreINFLUENCE OF POPULATION MAKE-UP AND GROWTH TO THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1815 AND 1828 750 Words   |  3 Pagessettle the land to give the region stability for the United States. By 1820, there were 6 persons per square mile in the east of the Mississippi. As new people came into the lands, they went further and further west to settle new, cheap land. The large westward surge after the War of 1812 is known as the Great Migration. The rapid settlement of the western hinterlands created a dire need for roads and canals, but financing them imposed a heavy burden on the cash poor west. Nationalistic sentiment andRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On Women During The Civil War877 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement that believes the civil war was fought over honor and ideals instead of slavery, is because Southern Women saw the Civil War as a war on one of the fundamentals that made up their way life. My research paper is about understanding the effects that slavery had on women during and prior to the civil war, and how the absence of slavery effected them. This research will be used in order to paint a picture of how slavery effect all southern women, whether they we re rich plantation owners, middle classRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is why they have slaves to work for free, and treated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.Read MoreA War to Preserve a Union1344 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln, General William T. Sherman and Colonel Trowbridges differing perspectives of the Civil War created very unique views of the war. President Lincoln saw the war as a painful and necessary burden for him to bear. General Sherman saw the war as a tool to rid the United States of the reb els that were attempting to dissolve the Union. Finally Colonel Trowbridge viewed the war on a much more personal level. He witnessed first hand men fighting the government of their former mastersRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe North grew. Slavery was vital to the economic well-being of the South, and when the North began to question the â€Å"peculiar institution† of the South the wall of civility between the two sectionalized areas began to crumble. Due to the growing issue of slavery in the 1850s, the United States of America was in a state of total disarray and turmoil. The tension that had always existed between the North and South over the matter of slavery was no longer ignorable. As the United States expanded to theRead MoreSlavery in the South Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery in the South Slavery of the Black man in America was the cruelest ever known to man. Europeans transported slaves from Africa as early as 1505. The African Slaves were first exploited on an island named Hispaniola, in the Caribbean by the Europeans to do labor work, before they were sent to the Americas. The women usually worked the interior cooking and cleaning while the men were sent out into the plantation fields to farm. These Africans were stripped of their homes, cultures, and

The Nature of Communism and Nazism Essay - 857 Words

Two totalitarian systems, Communism and Nazism were the two most frightening totalitarian political systems in the history of mankind. They were the systems most brutal to its political adversaries but also to its own people and other races and/or religions. Unfortunately our own country, Croatia faced both of them during the 20th century, and some of bad influences we still feel today.In my essay I will do my best to examine these two totalitarian systems, describe their nature in essence and answer question How did Communism and Nazism influence the societies. Communism in general is the political and economic system which wants to replace private property and market economy with public ownership and peoples control of production†¦show more content†¦Nazi party developed racist ideology based on anti- Semitism and a belief of superiority of Aryan Germans. Nazis also believed that all races, especially Jews, were inferior to them. They also believed in absolute authority of the Government – it was supposed to control all aspects of the citizens lives.In 1919 Hitler joined the German workers party and in 1921 became a leader of the party. Nazi party itself was partly established on the developing discontent and frustration with the Weimar republic, after the First World War loss. One of the typical Nazi propaganda posters in 1932 said Our last hope Hitler. By the year 1933 Hitler and his party took over power in Germany. During the same year Hitlers secret service called Gestapo was set up with one primer goal – to det ect enemies of the State and make them harmless.Nazis had very strong views on the role of women in their society. At some point Nazis started to think that women should be at home and only raise their children and they wanted to make sure that children were brought up with the proper views, according their Nazi ideology.Most of the boys joined German Young People at the age of 10 and between 14 and 18 were attending military training and later on even military service. Girls were supposed to become members of Young Maidens by the age of 14 and later on join the League of German Maidens before the age of 21. Undoubtedly both Communism and Nazism were totalitarian political systems orShow MoreRelatedCommunism Of The Vietnam War And The Cold War1181 Words   |  5 PagesCommunism is an ideology that has a very long history more than one-third of the globe. This ideology is followed by Russia, Cuba, Laos, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. This ideology is the source of many revolutions and conflicts throughout the history likes the English Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Vietnam War, the Korea War and the Cold War. However, what makes Communism different from other ideologies is its origin, its policy, and its effects on the poor and the working class. CommunismRead MoreEssay about Evaluating the Historical Comparisons of Hitler and Stalin3458 Words   |  14 Pagesterror and sophisticated propaganda techniques.†[2] This ability to manipulated society is fundamental in the understanding of the term totalitarianism. Arendt was able to popularise the term totalitarianism to link fascism and Nazism with communism.[3] Arendt’s work over the years has been criticised by some historians who claim it to be too simplistic and flawed because of its lack of research into Stalin. However, what needs noting upon is that she developed this conceptRead MoreThe War And The Spanish Civil War987 Words   |  4 Pagesto stop the spread of Communism. One of the factors that prompted the U.S. into dropping the atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima was to stop the war in Japan as soon as possible. Many of Truman’s advisers, such as James F. Byrnes supported this rationale in order to prevent the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in Japan and thereby diminish Soviet influence in East Asia. Similarly, the Germans carried the bombing of Guernica in order to stop the influence of Communism in the north of SpainRead MoreNazi Germany And The Nazi Party1613 Words   |  7 Pages firstly to secure Hitler’s position as a dictator, and secondly to unite the German people against a common enemy, which would lead to a united powerful state, ready and able to exert its national will. Whether or not his aims were oppressive in nature is debatable but, his aims for racial purification and domination over Easter n Europe are made obvious before Hitler’s assumption of power, primarily in the racist crude writings of Mein Kampf, and even from Moellers Des drittes Reich from the 1920sRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hitlers Race Theory with the Realities of the Holocaust. How Did Expansion Contribute to These Theories?593 Words   |  3 PagesJoel Erskin Sheila Sholhtalab World history from 1500 section 003 November 28, 2012 Compare and contrast Hitlers race theory with the realities of the Holocaust. How did expansion contribute to these theories? Nazism developed several theories concerning races. The Nazis claimed to scientifically measure a strict hierarchy of human race. Once firmly in power, Hitler’s plans for the ending of the struggle between the Aryan race and the â€Å"inferior races† was set to work. These races feared asRead MoreInside a Totalitarian Regime: Key features of Stalinism Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagestoday. While Stalinism and Nazism are often compared because they were the two totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, the Stalinist regime lasted for decades while Nazism collapsed after 12 years, thus raising several questions concerning the particular nature of the Stalinist Society. What were the key features of Stalinism, thus differentiating Stalin’s policy from Lenin’s and Marx’s theory? Was Stalinism a logical outcome of the Marxist theory or a betrayal of communism? In this perspective, oneRead MoreThe Boom of Persuasive Totalitarianism in Europes Damaged Nati ons1747 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical systems. Lenin led Russia to become the world’s first Marxist and Communist state, which was later directed by Stalin; Mussolini introduced Fascism to the Italian society; and Hitler eventually became the German chancellor and leader of Nazism. Although different in their economic systems and other factors, all three forces agreed on reallocating the power from the people to the state, which had total authority over the society. This political system became known as Totalitarianism. EvenRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Democracy Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pageselucidated in this article is the potential of any citizen to attain political power, demonstrating true liberal democracy in its purest form. Communism does not give its people these liberties, the party is the â€Å"agent for creating political development† (Janos, pg. 2) and there is little need for elections as the outcome is pre-determined. In the case of Nazism, while Hi tler utilised democracy to attain power, once in control democracy was replaced with autocracy. Prevalent flaws within mostRead MoreGovernment In Cannery Row1472 Words   |  6 PagesNation-State. Also meaning equal help for many people instead of hunting on your own. To understand socialism, one must understand Capitalism, Liberalism, Communism, and National Socialism. All –isms have ideas that are in common with Socialism. They all come together to for the better of society. Sometimes it is for the better like Liberalism and communism. And other times not so good like National Socialism. Capitalism is when just a few people with the most money control the government. This type ofRead MoreWorld War II : The Treaty Of Versailles Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagesallies. Attack against one member of the alliance was considered an attack against all. Truman Doctrine: The Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy aiming to contain communism. The Doctrine promised to help free people resisting subjugation, as well as provide economic and military aid to those threatened by communism. This was perceived as open declaration of Cold War by the Soviet Union. Marshall Plan: In the same year as the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. aid program known as the Marshall Plan

Corporate Governance and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance and Ethics for International Journal of Business. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance is defined as a system of policies, rules and regulations and procedures that is used in controlling and directing the functioning of a company. It is used to balance and safeguard the interests of the various stakeholders of a company. Corporate governance refers to the regulatory framework that is necessary to bind the operations and it gives direction to a company (Tricker, 2015). It is a very important aspect that deals with how a company functions. It increases accountability and responsibilities and helps in avoiding tactical blunders and issues that might hinder the progress of a company. The study throws light on the importance of corporate governance and the various theories and models based on corporate governance. Theories of Corporate Governance There are various theories and models that can be closely associated with corporate governance. These theories shed critical light on the concept and dimensions of corporate governance. Some of the important theories of corporate governance are: Stakeholders Theory The stakeholders theory refers to the theory and concept of management of organizations and the importance of business ethics. The theory depicts the importance of moral value and ethical practice while managing an organization. According to this theory, there are various stakeholders to a company like shareholders, suppliers, creditors, customers, government, competitors, etc. The theory stresses on the need of addressing the need and requirements of a stakeholders. The theory states there are various stakeholders that hold a specific quotient of interest, which is vested in the company. It is important that the company makes considerable effort to meet the needs and requirements of the stakeholders. The theory states the political-economic condition of a country has a radical and major influence on the stake of a country (Bridoux Stoelhorst, 2014). Shareholders Theory According to the shareholders theory, a company has no moral or social obligations other than to increase the profit of the company. The sole purpose of the company is to maximize the profit of the company. According to this theory, the managers are appointed as the agent of the shareholders and the obligations of the managers are to maximize the interest of the shareholders and strengthen their interests (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). Agency Theory Agency theory refers to a theory that deals with the relationship between principal and agent. The theory explains the fact that the principal determines the requisite job and the agent is vested with the responsibility of doing the task. Agency theory embarks on solving the issues that occurs in agency relationship. One of the common agency relationships refers to the relationship between the shareholders and the executives of the company (Bosse, Phillips, 2016) Stewardship Theory The stewardship theory stress on the fact that if managers are given the responsibility to act according to their discretion and decision making, then they will behave as responsible stewards or agent of the assets, they are accountable to. The theory believes in the fact that managers would be appropriate agents of the asset they represent and will act to the best of their ability (Schillemans, 2013) Literature Review Shareholder Theory Shareholder Theory sheds light on the fact that the main objective of a company is to maximize their profit and they have no specific moral or social obligations to follow. The managers have to serve the interests of the shareholders and make sure that they maximize the interests of the shareholders. The managers are the agents of the shareholders (Gibson 2012). Shareholder Theory is an extension of agency theory and the theory states that both principal and the agent hold paramount importance. The Shareholder Theory maintains proper alignment with stakeholders Theory. The theory propounds on the measures taken to increase the profits of a company. It depicts the necessary measures taken to reduce the transaction cost and the input costs involved. It is a normative theory, which asserts the fact that shareholders provide capital to the managers of the company, and therefore, it is the duty of the managers to maximize the interests of the shareholders. Stakeholders Theory The stakeholders theory states the fact that there are various stakeholders of a company and it is the duty of the company to look after the interests of the company. It is a normative theory and is based on moral and ethical practices that create awareness of the needs and interests of the various stakeholders of the company. There are factors, like political and economic factor that have an impact on the performance of corporate sectors and as such it does have an impact on the interest of the stakeholders. The theory analyses the methods and approach of managers in dealing with the stakeholders of a company. It is an important theory of corporate governance (Van, Du Bois Jegers, 2012). According to this theory, the managers are vested with two major responsibilities. One of the responsibilities is to make sure that there are violations of the rights and interests of all the stakeholders and the second is to create equilibrium in the rights and interest of the various stakeholders. The sole purpose of this is to ensure profitability of the company in the longer run. The overall responsibility of the company is not just profit maximization but it is also safeguarding interest of the stakeholders (Bridoux Stoelhorst, 2014). The theory is also criticised on the grounds, that it is practically improbable to follow this theory since there are clashes of interest, which creates disputes in the process. Agency Theory The agency theory stresses on the fact that there is agency relationship between the principal and the agent. The agent represents the principal and is vested for promoting the interest of the principal. The theory throws light on the problem occurring in an agency relationship. The problems relate to clash of personal interests, issues dealing with information asymmetry, moral hazards etc. (Hannafey, Vitulano, 2013). The two types of agency theory are positivist agency theory and principal-agency theory. The main source of issue that is highlighted by this theory is the clash of interest between the owners and the managers. It was propounded that was a requirement of transparency in the operations and objectives of the company (Hannafey, Vitulano, 2013). Stewardship Agency Theory Stewardship Agency Theory states that the managers would act in the best interest and would act as best stewards of the assets they represent. This is based on the fact that if the managers are allowed to act according to their discretion. This theory ignores the negative attitude of human nature. (Schillemans, 2013). This theory ignores the principal agent problem. This theory stresses on the point that managers are custodians and agents of the assets of the company and not the shareholders. Best Practices on Corporate Governance Some of the best practices of corporate governance are listed below: Proper information should be provided to the shareholder before making any decisions. It will allow them to work in a proper method. There should be transparency in the strategy and operations of a company Shareholder will have a right in profit sharing and voting They will have access to all corporate information The board of directors shall be vested with the duty of taking care of the corporation and the shareholders. They are vested with the responsibility of managing the corporation in the best interest The composition of the board of directors should be proper and enough to encourage effective decision making. The nomination of the board of directors should be done by a committee, which would ensure that the selection and nomination is done in a fair and just way. Outside directors should effectively participate in the important corporate decisions so that they can assist the company and the management body. Outside directors should be allotted sufficient time to make decisions and at the same time they should review all information before attending a meeting. They should closely follow and listen to the advice of the shareholders. There should be drafting of Board operation Regulation, which would establish the rules and regulation of the board (Vernimmen, Dallocchio Salvi, 2014). Australian Corporate Governance Codes Principle 1: It is the duty of the company to declare the necessary roles and duties of the board of directors and the management Principle 2: There should be effective size of the board of directors so that there is effective discharge of duties and responsibilities. Principle 3: Companies need to encourage responsible and ethical practices and decision making Principle 4: There should be proper arrangement in which the financial reporting of the company can be properly safeguarded (Beekes, Brown Zhang, 2015). Principle 5: There is a major need of timely and proper disclosure of information of the company. There should be transparency in the statements. Principle 6: The rights of the shareholders should be respected (Beekes, Brown Zhang, 2015). Principle 7: A company should establish a system where there is proper management of risk and effective control. Principle 8: There should be fair remuneration given to board of directors (Beekes, Brown Zhang, 2015). Corporate Governance Issue Relating to Bond (Clothing Company) Bonds (clothing) company is an Australian company that manufactures sleep wear, hosiery and undergarments. One of the latest corporate governance issue that circulated the company was that the company had terminated a major portion of its employees, in order to save manufacturing costs. This mass level unemployment caused major uproar and protest was created by the public and by the sacked employees. There were reports that the quality of the product of the company had also declined. This encouraged the sacked employees to form together a company named Tuffys and Tuffetts, which worked as a major competitor of the company. The company compromised with the interest of the employees to promote the self-interest and increase the profitability of the organization ( Kathy, Tilt Lester, 2012). Corporate Governance Theory Relating to this Issue One of the corporate governance theories relating to this issue was the stakeholders theory. The stakeholders theory implies the safeguarding and promotion of the interests of the stakeholders. The stakeholders have interests vested in the companies and the companies are obligated to promote the interest of the people. Therefore, one of the factors that could be depicted is that employees are stakeholder of a company. Bonds (clothing) company terminated a mass number of employees in order to save manufacturing costs. This was unethical and it violated the rights and interest of the employees and on the other hand it contravened with the Australian Code of Governance practices (Beekes, Brown Zhang, 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded that corporate governance practices are an important element in corporate structure and it is critical that organizations follow ethical practice and make conscious effort to safeguard and protect the interest of the stakeholders of the company. The Bonds (clothing) company is a depiction of this fact and highlight the importance of following and observing the corporate governance practices and understanding the theories of corporate governance. Reference List Ballwieser, W., Bamberg, G., Beckmann, M. J., Bester, H., Blickle, M., Ewert, R., ... Gaynor, M. (2012).Agency theory, information, and incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Beekes, W., Brown, P., Zhang, Q. (2015). Corporate governance and the informativeness of disclosures in Australia: a reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ examination.Accounting Finance,55(4), 931-963. Biondi, Y. (2012). What do shareholders do? Accounting, ownership and the theory of the firm: Implications for corporate governance and reporting.Accounting, Economics, and Law,2(2). Bosse, D. A., Phillips, R. A. (2016). Agency theory and bounded self-interest.Academy of Management Review,41(2), 276-297. Bridoux, F., Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 107-125. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Gibson, K. (2012). Stakeholders and sustainability: An evolving theory.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), 15-25. Hannafey, F. T., Vitulano, L. A. (2013). Ethics and executive coaching: An agency theory approach.Journal of business ethics,115(3), 599-603. Kathy Rao, K., Tilt, C. A., Lester, L. H. (2012). Corporate governance and environmental reporting: an Australian study.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society,12(2), 143-163. Schillemans, T. (2013). Moving Beyond The Clash of Interests: On stewardship theory and the relationships between central government departments and public agencies.Public Management Review,15(4), 541-562. Tricker, B. (2015).Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Van Puyvelde, S., Caers, R., Du Bois, C., Jegers, M. (2012). The governance of nonprofit organizations integrating agency theory with stakeholder and stewardship theories.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,41(3), 431-451. Vernimmen, P., Quiry, P., Dallocchio, M., Le Fur, Y., Salvi, A. (2014).Corporate finance: theory and practice. John Wiley Sons. Corporate Governance and Ethics Question: Write an essay about the "corporate social responsibility in indian hospitality sector". Answer: Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction This section of the research encapsulates the problems related to the research, the research aim, the research objective, the research question, research hypothesis and summary. This chapter highlights the issues and the focus of the research and states the direction in which the research would be heading. 1.2 Problem Statement The primary issue with the hotel industry in regard to the Corporate Social Responsibility practices is to abide with the moral and ethical obligations. It is critical for the company because the company needs to reduce the adverse affects of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices on the society and environment. 1.3 Research Aim The goal or aim is to understand the steps by the hospitality sector towards Corporate Social Responsibility activities and the effect of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of the hotels on the society and environment. 1.4 Research objective The objectives of the research are to: To comprehend the key concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility practices: To analyze the Corporate Social Responsibility practices adopted by the Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL): To comprehend the issues related to the hotel industry and the practices of CSR: To measure the impact of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of hotels on society and environment: 1.5 Research Question What are the key concepts of Corporate Social Responsibility practices? What are the CSR practices adopted by the Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL)? What are the issues related to the hotel industry and the practices of Corporate Social Responsibility? What are the effects or influences of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of hotels on society and environment? 1.6 Research hypothesis H0: the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of hotel industry have a positive effect on the society and the environment. H1: the Corporate Social Responsibility practices of the hotel industry have a negative effect on the society and the environment. 1.7 Summary This chapter highlights the issue that the research is dealing with; the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility practices of the hotel industry on the society and environment. The research would analyze the key concepts of CSR practices and the issues that are related to application of Corporate Social Responsibility practices in the hotel industry. This chapter indicates that the research would be focusing on the CSR practices and the issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility practices in regards to the Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL) and the moral and ethical obligations of the hotel while the implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility practices. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review in this study will provide a deep in depth study related to the topic of the research. This section of the study will review and discuss the published information on theories of hotel industries around the world with respect to their Corporate Social Responsibilities. Special attention will also be given to the hotel industry in India to give the readers a better understanding of the working of hotels and the influence of their CSR practices on the environment as well as the society. This chapter will also be outlining a conceptual framework, which will give a clear idea about the components of the review and how they are inter linked to each other. A summary will be provided at the end of the chapter which will give a gist of all the points covered in the literature review for the reader to have a quick revision of the chapter. 2.2 Concept of CSR The idea or concept of CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility has become a significant sphere of study for the industrialists, researchers, and scholars over the past couple of decades. A huge debate has been developed with respect to the nature of the topic in the modern academic literature. They seem to have renewed their curiosity on the topic, which has produced a plethora of different perspectives, terminologies, and theories relating to Corporate Social Responsibility(Zhang Choi, 2014). CSR can be defined as the activities, which make the company, behave like good citizens who contribute towards the welfare of the society beyond their own vested interests. The legal, ethical, and economical domains can be considered as the most important components of the CSR. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is mainly concerned with the relationship between business organization and the society in which it operates. This kind of social contract implies a form of altruistic and s elfless behavior, the opposite of selfishness. The utilitarian perspective pioneered by philosophers like Mill, Locke, and Bentham promotes self-interest ( Gu et al., 2013). The central idea around CSR is the contract between all the components of the society, which is a crucial tenet of a civil society. Social responsibility does not only extend to the present members of the society but also to the future members of the society. The responsibility and accountability towards the environment also comes under the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility. It is a concept where the companies incorporate environmental and social concerns in their business organizations (Fu et al., 2013). This also includes their relation and interaction with the stakeholders on a regular basis. The decision whether a company should indulge in the activities of CSR, depends on the economic activities and perspective of the firm. There are three principles of Corporate Social Responsibility- Sustainability, Accountability, and Transparency. Sustainability is majorly concerned with the impact which the future societies will have to bear because of the actions which are taken today by the companies. Accountability is when the organizations assume the responsibility of the actions taken by them that can have an impact on the external environment (Benavides et al., 2014). Lastly, Transparency means that the company will report the impact, which the organization has on the external environment, clearly, without any ambiguity. 2.3 Corporate Social Responsibility- Theories There are three major theories related to the concept of CSR namely : The Business ethics theory of the CSR The Shareholder theory of CSR The Stakeholder theory of CSR Business ethics theory of CSR is solely based on the companys social obligation and moral responsibilities that is has towards the environment and the society. These obligations are a result of the ever-changing social expectations and responsiveness to specific issues and problems. The are also a reaction to the eternal ethical values imbibed in people as advocated by philosophers like Kant denoting universal and normative principles like fairness, social justice, and human rights. This theory also embodies corporate citizenship, that is, a business organization or company as a responsible citizen which is aware of its duties in the society aiming for its over all well being (Font et al., 2012). This theory sees Corporate Social Responsibility more as ethical and philanthropy based responsibilities than legal or economic based responsibilities. The Nobel Prize Laureate, Milton Friedman forwarded the shareholder theory of Corporate Social Responsibility, arguing that the only responsibilities that the business organizations consider, is to generate profits while abiding by the legal norms. This theory advocates that the companies are already serving the society by ding business and adding up to the economy and hence its functions must not be confused with other societal responsibilities. Hence, the companys goal is only to concentrate on the maximization of profits of the shareholders (Garay Font, 2012). This theory is based on the assumption that the managers of a company are appointed as the agents of the shareholders to operate the company. The only obligation of the management in this case is to make as much money as possible, following the legal norms, thus satisfying the shareholders (Jones Comfort, 2016). The shareholder theory is not given much important these days and is considered a historic concept since it only prioritizes the satisfaction of the shareholders. This theory involves many loopholes since there is only focus on the short-term strategies and the risks are also greater when the only priority is the maximization of profits. The Stakeholder theory of CSR has gained popularity as a direct alternative to the shareholder theory of CSR. Edward Freeman, who recognizes as an important component of Corporate Social Responsibility, proposes this theory. The theory explains the importance of the stakeholders stating that a company is responsible to a wide group of stakeholders and not just the shareholders (Tsai et al., 2012). A stakeholder can be defined as anyone who is affected by the activities of a company or a business venture. This covers the suppliers, creditors, employees or even the competitors. Freeman supports the faces and names approach: which means that the stakeholders are people with names and that they should not be treated as anonymous entities. Figure 1: Comparison between Friedman and Freemans CSR models. (Source: Pedersen, 2015) 2.4 Corporate Social Responsibility and the Hotel Industry With respect to the hotel industry, the corporate Social Responsibilities of the industry encompasses various initiatives, which includes responsibilities towards the environment, its customers, employees and the community. A hotel firms relationship with its employees has a direct impact on the customers and eventually, the profit it generates. For instance, there has already been a case in the past when the employees of a hotel firm had boycotted over a labor related issue, which led to the cancellation of an event with five thousand potential attendees. A companys CSR programs reflect the values and norms of the company and are an indication of how the employees identify with the company. The hotel industry is often identified as a people-focused, labor-intensive service industry in which the employees at the frontline are crucial to the success of the hotel (Park Levy, 2014). A number of studies have observed that the service quality of the employees have a direct impact on the customers perception about the hotel firm, its service quality, the satisfactory levels, and their loyalty towards the company. The hotel industry is the worlds fastest growing sector with 10 percent contribution to the global Gross Domestic Product, which almost amounts to $6.6 trillion. Keeping in mind the responsibility towards the stakeholders, the companies in the industry have begun to integrate responsible practices into their business activities. As the social, economical, and environmental conditions are developing, the industry has started to accept the notion of sustainability. The hotel industry is indulging in various CSR Activities like offering environmental friendly-labeled products, serving healthy dishes to its customers in the restaurant, and training its staff for the better organization of health related initiatives. With respect to the interiors, the companies in the industry use lightings, which are energy saving, and ensure that the waste is recycled. Many hotel firms also participate in initiatives concerning social causes like Aids, cancer and many other mental and physical health initiatives (Calabrese et al., 2014). 2.5 Corporate Social Responsibility and Hotel industry in India The Indian hotel industry takes its corporate social activities very seriously. They are of the belief that the environment is an integral component of its stakeholders along with the customers, shareholders, suppliers, vendors and other associates. They see Corporate Social Responsibility as a potential, long term medium which can benefit the stakeholder in various environmental and social facets (Kang et al., 2012). The hotel industry in India is committed to train and educate the next generation. The industry is continuously looking for opportunities that provide job-related experiences to the young people and provide them on-job training in the hotels. It is also apparent that the hotels in India are helping young people from the deprived backgrounds by providing them training and employment skills as well as vocational opportunities. The Indian hotel industry is striving to give its customers the best experience and services in their hotels, by creating a homely atmosphere away from home. It is seen that the hotel firms are actively taking part in the social and environmental causes which is aimed at eliminating poverty, crating shelter for the refugees, feeding poor people and helping the people in times of manmade and natural calamities (Coles et al., 2013). It is very apparent in the hotel industry of India that they pay special attention to the well upbringing of children and ensuring their bright future. The hotel firms take initiatives to work for the childrens education, their mental and physical well-being. The hotel firms in the industry also support gender equality, establishing hostels for the homeless and for women and children. Many hotels have also taken initiatives in making old age home for the elderly. The industry also gives special attention to the protection of national heritage, culture and art, taking efforts to protect sites of historical importance. Initiatives are also taken for the development of rural and slum projects. References: Aguinis, H., Glavas, A. (2012). What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), 932-968. Bauman, S. (2013).Principles of cyberbullying research: definitions, measures, and methodology. Routledge. Benavides-Velasco, C. A., Quintana-Garca, C., Marchante-Lara, M. (2014). Total quality management, corporate social responsibility and performance in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41, 77-87. Billig, S.H., Waterman, A.S. eds. (2014).Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Bolton, L. E., Mattila, A. S. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility affect consumer response to service failure in buyerseller relationships?. Journal of Retailing, 91(1), 140-153. Calabrese, A., Costa, R., Menichini, T., Rosati, F., Sanfelice, G. (2013). Turning Corporate Social Responsibility driven Opportunities in Competitive Advantages: a Two dimensional Model. Knowledge and Process Management, 20(1), 50-58. Casey, D., Sieber, S. (2016). Employees, sustainability and motivation: Increasing employee engagement by addressing sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Research in Hospitality Management, 6(1). Chomvilailuk, R., Butcher, K. (2014). Effects of quality and corporate social responsibility on loyalty. The Service Industries Journal, 34(11), 938-954.